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Tramonta dopo 16 anni l’epoca di Fidesz e di Viktor Orbán in Ungheria. Molti osservatori della politica si chiedono se la sconfitta elettorale dell’eroe dei sovranisti sia uno spartiacque per l’Europa, e forse per l’intero fronte euro-atlantico. Il partito Tisza (Rispetto e libertà) di Péter Magyar, di centro-destra, ha incamerato liberali e sinistra, troppo deboli per correre da soli, e ha conquistato 138 seggi su 199: una maggioranza assoluta, ben oltre le più rosee previsioni, che consentirà a Tisza di governare i due terzi del Parlamento senza chiedere aiuto all’ di destra ed estrema destra. Non accadeva dal 2010 – dalla rivoluzione alle urne che portò al Orbán – that a political party could achieve such a landslide victory.

Who is Magyar

Giubilo a Bruxelles e tra i liberali di centrosinistra, con messaggi di congratulazioni anche da Barack Obama e Hillary Clinton, poiché l’Ungheria governata dall’ex liberale anticomunista Orbán con un mix di politiche protezioniste e paranoiche era diventata una fonte costante di esasperazione, in primis per il rapporto speciale con il Cremlino e poi per i suoi veti contro le armi a Kyiv. Magyar è perciò caricato da un’enorme responsabilità: smantellare la presa dell’orbanismo sulle istituzioni, restituire coesione all’Unione Europea nella guerra in Ucraina e far dimenticare i tratti illiberali del suo predecessore.

Indeed, Magyar has always unhesitatingly condemned Russian expansionism and Vladimir Putin's excessive influence in Hungary, as well as defending Ukraine's right to cede as little territory as possible. He then guaranteed that he wants to re-establish relations with EU partners and to put an end to systematic vetoes within the Council. But he also calmly explained that Hungary will oppose the sending of arms to Ukraine and any Hungarian financial contribution to the 90 billion euros in loans to Kyiv that will be released. From an energy perspective, it should not be forgotten that Hungary depends almost entirely on , with quotas of around 90 per cent for crude oil and 80 per cent for gas, and Magyar has made it clear that he wants to negotiate with Russia rather than sacrifice himself for the cause. After all, the European embargo on Russian gas itself was delayed and is still full of holes.

Magyar può essere descritto come un uomo d’ordine, un transfuga interno al sistema Fidesz piuttosto che una figura di rottura totale. Ha fatto una campagna elettorale piuttosto tipica per il mondo ex socialista, definita dalla lotta alla a tutti i livelli e dalla promessa di ridare all’Ungheria un ruolo più rilevante nell’Ue, ma senza alcuno slancio di tipo federalista europeo e tantomeno internazionalista.

Up e Israele (di quest’ultimo si dichiara alleato convinto) Magyar è silente o appiattito sulla linea securitaria e conformista dei Baltici, i quali non mostrano neanche quella linea d’ombra e disagio comparsa, ad esempio, nel governo Meloni riguardo all’escalation degli ultimi mesi in Libano, ancor più che in Iran. Ma va anche notato come Magyar abbia promesso di riaderire alla dopo che l’Assemblea nazionale aveva votato per l’uscita l’anno scorso, e non è detto che la caduta di Orbán non possa indebolire uno dei più costanti scudi interni dell’Ue per l’ israeliana.

The hot topics of the election

«Hostility towards Israel and Netanyahu in Hungary is more widespread than it appears, but it remains a decidedly secondary issue in the country,» says Csaba Toth, a freelance journalist who studies sovereign nationalist movements, via email. «But there is an important aspect: the government has harshly suppressed pro-Palestinian protests, while the new [government] might be more permissive regarding freedom of demonstration. This is probably the only concrete change for that front, but it's enough to start a revival, especially because various active groups already exist.».

While abroad the vote was seen as a clash between European liberalism and authoritarianism, some contacts we speak to on the phone (and who wish to remain anonymous), aged 32 and 44, representatives of a social sector attentive to civil rights and with a passion for Europe, are keen to reiterate the prominence of domestic issues: rampant inflation, starvation wages and an increasingly inaccessible Budapest. Added to this are complaints about the sell-off of public assets to the Russians and the hand thief di Fidesz, accused of misappropriating European and state funds to redistribute them to a circle of friends. For these people, Europe means efficiency, transparency, control mechanisms, and new career opportunities.

The decline of the sovereignists?

Along with the Iranian debacle -Netanyahu, given the dire polls for the head of the White House and Meloni's referendum flop, Orbán's defeat thus seems to capture the progressive toxicity of the sovereignist brand sponsored by Trump and the MAGA movement, and a certain widespread weariness towards its exponents where it has been tested.

Ultimately, Trump has been an excellent amplifier, lending visibility, language, and imagery to a constellation of small to medium-sized European parties. But when it came to actually shifting votes (in Romania, Germany, and indeed Hungary), the effect, in this latest phase, has proven weak. And this has consequences even on the fringes of the Europe that matters: Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić, Remember journalist Lily Lynch, had invested in Orbán as a hinge, as a privileged channel to Washington, and now finds himself alone.

Oggi ci troviamo in una stagione trumpiana nata come rivolta, che rischia di chiudersi in Europa con una sostanziale disillusione. Le élite europeiste tengono, ma non convincono, e non godono di base popolare: il discorso reazionario apparentemente anti-sistema, al contrario, gode ancora di ottima salute. In Gran Bretagna il partito di estrema destra euroscettico Reform UK di Nigel Farage è primo nei sondaggi. Così come gli islamofobi filo-israeliani di AfD in Germania e i lepenisti in Francia. In Italia Meloni sta prendendo le distanze da Trump come tanti altri sovranisti, ma è ben lontana da un crollo verticale di consensi, almeno secondo i sondaggi. Lo stesso leader di Tisza non è un liberal progressista, bensì un nazionalista di destra che nel giorno della vittoria si è addobbato in abiti tradizionali e circondato di bandiere tricolori senza neppure una dell’UE; più duro sull’immigrazione persino di Orbán e classico tipo da «tolleranza zero» sul crimine. Nessun ripensamento ci sarà sulla messa al bando della sigla Antifa, e le stesse sorti degli attivisti sotto processo come Maja T. They don't seem, for now, destined to change.

A mutual approach

According to Aris Roussinos, a former left-wing reporter and now a conservative commentator UnHerd, Hungary will move from one form of personalistic conservatism to another, but with an ideological orientation and in foreign policy more palatable to von der Leyen’s Commission, which will likely be crucial to unblocking the EU funds frozen so far.

For years, Orbán has been treated as a sort of patron saint of global reactionary sovereignism: proof that one could govern against everything perceived as liberal drift and be confirmed at the ballot box, despite the pressures of the troika. 

Initially, his system did not at all align with the Trumpian far-right, which was more iconoclastic than revolutionary, often more interested in transgressing codes and producing grotesque memes than in building something lasting. Fidesz, at least in its ascending phase, was an idea of the State beyond Bollockposting and the . Politiche familiari espansive, una certa idea di welfare di massa e soprattutto la costruzione di un’organizzazione sociale diffusa, non solo mobilitazioni episodiche. Un tentativo, se vogliamo, di dare alla destra una base sociale stabile, quasi novecentesca, ma aggiornata.

Over time, however, Fidesz has also begun to resemble its global sovereignist acolytes. It has continued to weaken and colonise institutions, providing ammunition to the opposition which has pointed to democratic erosion, but it has progressively lost what set it apart: that component of economic intervention and mass organisation that had given it social roots.

Orbán's defeat has implications that go beyond small Hungary. In recent years, some analysts have labelled “post-liberalism” a variety of very different things, but above all one: the attempt, more or less coordinated, to build a cultural alternative to the liberal intellectual class without really engaging with the effort of imagining it. In Budapest, Viktor Orbán had tried to do just that: not just govern, but also produce an ecosystem based on think tank, magazines, foundations, scholarships. A small cultural industry of reactionary thought, with its organic intellectuals sometimes coming from the furthest right (think of essayists Yoram Hazony and Adrian Vermeule, or among the Italians Francesco Giubilei) but in many cases with a track record of left-wing sovereigntists (like sociologist Frank Furedi or Roman publisher Thomas Fazi). The idea was to transform Hungary into a laboratory of emancipation from “political correctness” and the obsessions of inclusivity, while Europe would drown in “globalist” liberalism.

Budapest had been seen by broad sections of global national-conservatism as a happy island, clean, orderly, safe, without too many human elements perceived as incongruous: by a large majority Bianca, above all, and – a bit like Ukraine or Israel, for reasons sometimes different, sometimes identical – everything that the West should be and is not. A variation on the Spartan myth, of the compact, homogeneous society opposing the Eastern hordes.

In practice, post-liberalism has worked excellently as a critique and rejection, but much less so as a project. And in this, it strongly resembles the political grammar of Putin's public rhetoric, capable of identifying the contradictions of the West, but accompanied by a vague or unappealing alternative offering.

La vittoria di Magyar va vista come un adattamento del liberalismo e dell’europeismo all’interesse nazionale ungherese e a un certo discorso pubblico egemone, piuttosto che il contrario. Alcuni principi dell’orbanismo e della rivolta sovranista, nel corso di questi ultimi quindici anni, sono nel frattempo diventati senso comune anche al centro e persino nel centro-sinistra: in particolare, il rigetto delle promesse più ottimistiche sull’immigrazione e del Mercato Unico e la disponibilità a contrastarle facendo ricorso alla brutale o alleanze sempre più amorali, nel segno dell’egoismo rivendicato è ormai prese in ogni casa politica. Con la sconfitta di Fidesz si è dimostrato che c’è ancora un respiro democratico capace di chiudere un ciclo politico autoritario che si credeva intoccabile. Ma il voto dello scorso fine settimana non racconta tanto un riavvicinamento dell’Ungheria all’Europa, quanto piuttosto fotografa tutto il percorso compiuto dall’Europa, nel frattempo, per avvicinarsi all’Ungheria.

Author

  • Paolo Mossetti

    Writer and journalist, he focuses on economics, politics, and reporting for magazines such as Wired, Esquire, and Le Grand Continent. He has published two books: Mil Máscaras (Akal, 2021) and Appugrundrisse - Tornare a Napoli (minimum fax, 2022).

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